提高初中英語(yǔ)閱讀能力的六種方法
初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的任務(wù)之一是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力，但實(shí)際上閱讀教學(xué)的效果并不理想。下面是必須為大家搜集整理出來(lái)的有關(guān)于提高初中英語(yǔ)閱讀能力的六種方法，希望可以幫助到大家！
1、講究閱讀方法
(1)依據(jù)主題句定短文的中心：任意一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)中心展開并且由段落組成的；段落之間有著內(nèi)在的緊密聯(lián)系，而表達(dá)段落主題的句子叫主題句，通常置于段落的開頭，有時(shí)在段落末尾和中間；其它的句子是用來(lái)說(shuō)明和闡述主題句的；若把一個(gè)個(gè)主題句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同時(shí)還可以回避、排除個(gè)別生詞、難句（等困難信號(hào)）所帶來(lái)的干擾，但也有一些文章的中心思想常貫穿在全文中，因而要綜觀全文，對(duì)全文有一個(gè)透徹的理解才行。
如：My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening、The accommodation wasn’t wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.
On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group、Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda、There were some other members I didn’t know、We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.
We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how、Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime、Matt and I went to the caves (巖洞) first、Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last、Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done.
This passage mainly talks about ______________.
A、the writer’s friends at the Activity Center
B、the writer’s experience at the Activity Center
C、outdoor sports at the Activity Center
D、how to go rock-climbing and caving
[參考答案B] 上述這段短文的中心是說(shuō)明“the writer’s experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者的朋友，還有組上的其他一些成員一起在活動(dòng)中心度周末的一些活動(dòng)以及感受。
(2) 掌握具體事實(shí)和重要細(xì)節(jié)：閱讀文章時(shí)，要求學(xué)生養(yǎng)成辨認(rèn)和記憶具體事實(shí)、重要細(xì)節(jié)的習(xí)慣。因?yàn)榫唧w事實(shí)、重要細(xì)節(jié)是主題句的擴(kuò)展、補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明或例證，是用來(lái)支持和說(shuō)明中心思想的，而且是閱讀理解測(cè)試的重要組成部分。
如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” because I think music is an important part of our lives.
Different people have different ideas about music、For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting、And my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world、I also like pop music、My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing、My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士樂)、She thinks jazz is really cool.
“I like dance music and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”
But my mother thinks rock is boring、“I like some relaxing (輕松的) music,” she says、That’s why she likes country music, I think.
①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________.
A、it’s an exciting part of our lives?
B、it’s an amazing part of our lives
C、it’s an important part of our lives
②What kind of music does the writer like??
A、Rock and pop music、B、Rock and dance music.?C、Jazz and country music.
③Who likes dancing??
A、The writer.?B、Li Lan.?C、Jane.
④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________.
A、amazing?B、boring?C、relaxing
⑤ How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?
A、4、B、5、C、6.
這是幾道重要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的辨認(rèn)題，全是圍繞短文的主題句“Different people have different ideas about music”來(lái)展開說(shuō)明的，起補(bǔ)充舉例作用。答案分別為 ① C ② A ③ B ④ C ⑤ B。
(3) 運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)境線索等幫助來(lái)推測(cè)關(guān)鍵詞義：在閱讀文章的過程中，常常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果不懂得這些詞義就會(huì)妨礙理解，但大部分生詞的詞義是可以根據(jù)上下文，結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法、借助文章中的語(yǔ)境線索幫助在理解基礎(chǔ)上猜測(cè)其詞義，這有助于加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀理解能力。如：
Water is all around us、Water is in the ocean、Water is in the lakes and rivers、Water is in the air、There is more water than land on the earth、All living things must have it、We must have it, too、We cannot live without drinking water、Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need、The land will dry up without water、Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land、If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill、It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills、It is called erosion when the water takes the land away.
“Erosion” in the passage means ____________.
A、地震 B、雪崩 C、侵蝕 D、霜凍
根據(jù)前面的語(yǔ)句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills、It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills.解釋可以推知erosion是一種自然地理現(xiàn)象，即“侵蝕”，答案為C。
2、訓(xùn)練閱讀速度
在閱讀中，我們或多或少會(huì)碰到一些生詞和不熟悉的短語(yǔ)，這些生詞和短語(yǔ)會(huì)妨礙我們對(duì)文章中心的理解，但我們總是查閱詞典也會(huì)影響閱讀的速度。為了不查詞典又能破解生詞詞義，并理解好文章的中心，要求考生根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法判斷詞義。如：This material is unreadable.中 unreadable是生詞。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)詞根 read ，知道 un和 able分別為前綴和后綴，那么 unreadable的意義就不難猜測(cè)了；還可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生根據(jù)生詞與上下文的關(guān)系來(lái)猜測(cè)其意義。生詞所在的句子、段落會(huì)提供很多的暗示和線索，依據(jù)這些暗示和線索就可以理解生詞的詞義了。如：同義詞反義詞線索；解釋性線索；例證性線索；標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)線索等。如：
A、The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定語(yǔ)從句中的 looks after sheep 就解釋了 herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。
B、Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends.句首的 like（像）這個(gè)語(yǔ)境線索說(shuō)明：句中的gregarious與 likes to make friends意義相近。
通過這些方式可以幫助學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，進(jìn)一步提高閱讀正確率。
3、改進(jìn)閱讀方式
（1）預(yù)測(cè)：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生依據(jù)文章標(biāo)題（副標(biāo)題）、插圖以及相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)和社會(huì)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)文章的大致內(nèi)容預(yù)測(cè)以及可能涉及到的詞匯，然后閱讀文章的第一段，并對(duì)自己的預(yù)測(cè)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證、糾正，同時(shí)抓住主題句、關(guān)鍵詞，從而更好地從整體上去理解和把握文章的中心。
（2）略讀：指導(dǎo)學(xué)生快速瀏覽全文，領(lǐng)會(huì)文章大意，辨析文體，掌握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)而抓住文章的中心。
（3）查讀：指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在瀏覽全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行查讀，以回答個(gè)別事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)性的問題。有些細(xì)節(jié)性的問題不能直接在短文中找到答案，必須進(jìn)行必要的綜合、歸納、轉(zhuǎn)換才能獲得，也就是要在直接可獲得的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上經(jīng)過綜合、歸納、轉(zhuǎn)換間接地獲得所需要的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。它通常涉及數(shù)據(jù)、時(shí)間、人稱、代詞的指代、動(dòng)作的行為的關(guān)聯(lián)、動(dòng)作行為者與承受者、地點(diǎn)和空間、表態(tài)方式、因果、條件、內(nèi)涵與外延等。如：
One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben、They went to the supermarket in the new shopping center.
“Why do you buy things here?” Tracy wanted to know、“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home,” Mrs、Wilson said、“Help me check the prices, please.”
The Wilsons were not rich and Mrs、Wilson was always careful with her money、She looked carefully at the prices of things、She bought lots of things in the supermarket、When they got home, the children said, “We don’t think you saved money by going to the supermarket.” “Of course I did,” Mrs、Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there.”
“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry、The taxi fare was more than the money that you saved !”
Mrs Wilson added everything up、Her children were right.
“Well done,” she said、“Next time we’ll do the shopping nearby.”
①The things at the corner store were ____ than those in the supermarket.
A、cheaper?B、nicer?C、more expensive?D、Better?
② Mrs、Wilson _________ in the end.
A、spent more money?B、paid less money?
C、lost some money D、saved a little money
這兩個(gè)問題都是細(xì)節(jié)性問題，但又不能直接從文章中得出答案，要經(jīng)過分析和計(jì)算間接地獲得事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。①選C。由 Mrs、Wilson 的話“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home、”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.②選A。 Mrs、Wilson 在超級(jí)市場(chǎng)買的東西是便宜的，但返回時(shí)由于東西多結(jié)果打的士回家將打的士的費(fèi)用攤進(jìn)去就高于節(jié)省的費(fèi)用了，因此可以知道：Mrs、Wilson spent more money in the end.
4、擴(kuò)大英語(yǔ)閱讀量
目前初中英語(yǔ)教科書所提供的閱讀量較以前有較大幅度的增加，在題材、體裁的選取，功能與話題的設(shè)計(jì)方面均注意到多樣化和廣泛性；內(nèi)容貼近學(xué)生實(shí)際，教師可以立足教材閱讀材料指導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練學(xué)生閱讀方法與技巧，教學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握句法、語(yǔ)法，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，培養(yǎng)閱讀興趣，幫助學(xué)生奠定一定的英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。但教材中的閱讀量離大綱和課標(biāo)要求的閱讀量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。課標(biāo)五級(jí)閱讀要求規(guī)定：除教材外，課外閱讀量應(yīng) 達(dá)到15萬(wàn)字以上。因此教師要督促學(xué)生精讀泛讀結(jié)合，通過廣泛的閱讀不僅有利于學(xué)生擴(kuò)大詞匯量，豐富語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、開闊視野，開拓思路，還有利于了解英美等國(guó)的文化背景、生活風(fēng)俗、思維習(xí)慣及英語(yǔ)特有的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式，從而提高閱讀理解能力。
泛讀時(shí)，要求學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料中的各種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象不作全面精細(xì)認(rèn)真的分析，而是根據(jù)已掌握的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)盡快地獲取所需要的信息。
5、強(qiáng)化閱讀訓(xùn)練
(1) 指定閱讀范圍：教師按學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)水平將其分成不同的組別，選擇與之相適應(yīng)的英語(yǔ)讀物（配有一定量的問題），分別規(guī)定閱讀的范圍，要求他們課外自行安排時(shí)間，帶著問題快速閱讀，并規(guī)定一個(gè)較寬松的期限進(jìn)行檢查。
(2) 進(jìn)行閱讀指導(dǎo)：對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀過程中遇到的疑難，教師要及時(shí)答疑輔導(dǎo)，以幫助學(xué)生順利閱讀。但要注意從學(xué)法上多加以指導(dǎo)，幫助和引導(dǎo)他們自行分析和解決問題。
(3) 檢查閱讀效果：到了規(guī)定的閱讀期限教師可以通過口頭練習(xí)和筆試結(jié)合的方式分組檢查學(xué)生閱讀任務(wù)完成的情況。口頭練習(xí)以學(xué)生回答有關(guān)問題、講述閱讀文章的心得為主；筆試檢查要求學(xué)生完成正誤判斷題，選擇題，填空題等。
(4) 展示閱讀效果：利用英語(yǔ)課外活動(dòng)，通過開展書評(píng)、辯論會(huì)、演講會(huì)等活動(dòng)來(lái)展示不同組學(xué)生課外泛讀的成果。分A、B組評(píng)論讀物；討論讀物的人物特征、主要情節(jié)等，讓學(xué)生在寬松的氛圍中各抒己見，互相交流，從而促進(jìn)學(xué)生閱讀時(shí)積極思考，認(rèn)真閱讀，同時(shí)加深對(duì)讀物的理解，培養(yǎng)表達(dá)能力。
6、加強(qiáng)評(píng)估指導(dǎo)
通過評(píng)估測(cè)試可以檢測(cè)學(xué)生閱讀理解實(shí)際能力與水平，可以摸清學(xué)生的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)與不足，從而為進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀能力提供依據(jù)。教師要充分發(fā)揮閱讀測(cè)試的指揮棒作用。閱讀測(cè)試文章選材要廣泛多樣，篇幅要恰當(dāng)，難易要適中，從而確保閱讀測(cè)試的信度和效度；在題型設(shè)計(jì)上做到主觀性題型和客觀性題型兼顧，并針對(duì)學(xué)生平時(shí)閱讀中反映出來(lái)的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)與疑點(diǎn)，避免題型過于單一以及偏題、怪題現(xiàn)象，更不能片面追求試題難度。客觀性測(cè)試題要能通過閱讀文章直接找到答案；主觀性測(cè)試題要能在閱讀短文后通過上下文，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想、比較、歸納、分析判斷文章的隱含意義。測(cè)試后要認(rèn)真進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)，做到發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時(shí)解決，以便進(jìn)一步提高。
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