托福TPO24綜合寫作范文及材料原文
因?yàn)榛锩娴膭?dòng)物活性組織大部分都被礦物質(zhì)代替了，所以動(dòng)物化石很難幫助人們研究動(dòng)物的軟組織。當(dāng)時(shí)科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)7千萬(wàn)年前的霸王龍化石中可能存在真正的動(dòng)物軟組織。下面是小編分享的關(guān)于這方面的托福TPO24綜合寫作范文材料，希望能對(duì)大家有所幫助!
托福TPO24綜合寫作范文
The reading passage points out three evidences that indicate the existence of actually tissue in dinosaur fossil. However, the professor doubts the accuracy of
these evidences. In fact, he offers some alternative explanations for the substances found in the fossil.
First and foremost, he challenges the existence of blood vessels. Instead, he points out that bacteria may occupy the hollows inside the bones. Therefore, it is highly possible that the soft substance in the branching channels of the bone is the moist residue of bacteria, rather than blood vessels of the dinosaur.
Moreover, the professor casts doubt about the red substance in sphere, which according to the reading passage is the remain of red blood cells. In fact, the professor claims that this red substance was also found in some other animals, which lived in the same place but had no red blood vessels at all. The professor argues that the sphere can be pieces of red minerals.
Additionally, the professor doubts the existence of collagen in the fossil. On the contrary to the reading passage, he points out that the earliest collagen that has ever found is in fossils 100000 ago. It is unlikely for collagen to last for more than 70 million years. As a result, the professor suggests that the collagen may come from recent sources, such as the skin of researchers who handed the fossil.
托福TPO24綜合寫作閱讀材料：
Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a
70-‐million-‐year-‐old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still
contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when
researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
動(dòng)物化石很難幫助人們研究動(dòng)物的軟組織，這是因?yàn)榛锩娴膭?dòng)物活性組織大 部分都被礦物質(zhì)代替了。最近，發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè) 7 千萬(wàn)年前的霸王龍化石中可能存在 真正的動(dòng)物軟組織。這令科學(xué)家們非常興奮。科學(xué)家小心翼翼地打開了霸王龍腿 骨的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)里面存在著可能為血管、血紅細(xì)胞和膠原蛋白基質(zhì)的物質(zhì)。
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
首先，打開腿骨化石之后，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了內(nèi)部有一些管狀分支，這些管狀分支可 能是骨內(nèi)血管存在的地方。令人興奮的是在這些管狀分支中存在著柔軟的有機(jī)物 質(zhì)。這些柔軟的物質(zhì)可能是霸王龍真正血管的遺留痕跡。
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
第二，通過(guò)顯微鏡對(duì)骨內(nèi)部多處進(jìn)行詳細(xì)檢查之后發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些可能是血紅細(xì)胞化 石的球狀體。檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些球狀體里面還有鐵，而鐵在血紅細(xì)胞往組織內(nèi)輸送氧氣的.過(guò)程中扮演重要角色。而且，這些球狀體中間呈紅色，而含有鐵元素的物質(zhì)
往往是紅色的，同時(shí)這些球狀體的大小也符合血紅細(xì)胞。
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-‐called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
第三，科學(xué)家的測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)恐龍腿骨化石中還有膠原蛋白。膠原蛋白是一種纖 維化蛋白質(zhì)，是生物骨組織的重要組成部分，以膠原蛋白基質(zhì)的形式存在。膠原 蛋白或者其衍生物是一種存在于骨骼軟組織中的生化物質(zhì)。
托福TPO24綜合寫作聽力材料：
As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.
盡管我們都希望這些化石是真正的恐龍組織，但是還是有一些很有說(shuō)服力的理由 讓我們懷疑閱讀部分的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.
首先，骨管內(nèi)柔軟而有延展性的物質(zhì)不一定就是血管的化石。它更大的可能性是 別的東西。那是什么呢?你們可能會(huì)問(wèn)。恩，在有機(jī)體死亡很久之后，細(xì)菌可能 會(huì)聚集在骨骼里的空洞的地方，比如那些曾經(jīng)是血管存在的地方。當(dāng)細(xì)菌在骨骼 內(nèi)部繁殖后，細(xì)菌常常會(huì)留下有機(jī)物質(zhì)的痕跡。在閱讀部分，研究人員鑒定為血管的物質(zhì)很可能就是細(xì)菌繁殖后留下的濕軟殘?jiān)腵痕跡。
All right. What about the iron-‐filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.
恩，那么那些含鐵的球狀體呢?問(wèn)題在于科學(xué)家們?cè)谕粋�(gè)地方發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他還有 動(dòng)物的還有紅色球狀體的化石。這些化石中有的是屬于一些活著的時(shí)候沒(méi)有任何 血紅細(xì)胞的低等動(dòng)物。顯然，如果這些球狀體出現(xiàn)在那些沒(méi)有任何血紅細(xì)胞的動(dòng) 物化石組織里的話，那么這些球狀物就不可能是血紅細(xì)胞的殘留物。這些球狀體 可能有完全不同的來(lái)源。它們可能只是一些紅色礦物質(zhì)顆粒。
Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal
remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.
第三，膠原蛋白。問(wèn)題在于我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有在超過(guò)十萬(wàn)年的動(dòng)物化石中發(fā)現(xiàn)膠原蛋白。膠原蛋白可能不能存在超過(guò)一萬(wàn)年。在生活在七千萬(wàn)年前的動(dòng)物化石里發(fā)現(xiàn) 膠原蛋白是同我們對(duì)于膠原蛋白存在時(shí)間的認(rèn)識(shí)相矛盾的。這種可能性太低了。 最為合理的解釋是這些膠原蛋白不是來(lái)自于霸王龍，而是來(lái)自于其他的，更近的來(lái)源。比如，人類的皮膚中還有膠原蛋白，所以這些膠原蛋白可能來(lái)自于那些處理化石的研究人員的皮膚。
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