托福TPO20綜合寫(xiě)作材料及范文
在美國(guó)，對(duì)森林大火采取的是不撲滅的策略，但是1988年燃燒了兩個(gè)月的黃石公園森林大火使很多人主張取消這種策略。下面的托福TPO20綜合寫(xiě)作材料就這兩種觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了陳述，歡迎閱讀!
托福TPO20綜合寫(xiě)作范文
The reading passage argues that the "let it burn" policy should be replaced by the policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. However, the professor raises serious counter arguments against the reading paragraph by providing three aspects as listed below:
First, according to the speaker, the natural forest fires are a cycle of creative even
they have a large scale of the damage, and after the fires, new plants which became more diverse than before existed in the Yellowstone. For example, some big plants were replaced by the small ones appeared in the Yellowstone due to the open and shaded lands. Another example is that it was a better place for certain seeds thanks to the high level of the heat. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.
Second, the reading passage states that the fire was a destruction of habitats and the disruption of the food chain. The professor, however, stated that the population had already recovered, and created some ideal habitats for the small animals such as rabbits and hares. Moreover, since the rabbits and hares began to live there, the predators who lived on them came to live in the Yellowstone, too. Therefore, certain food chain was stronger than before. This is another point where the listening opposes the reading passage.
Third, quite different from what had been stated in the reading passage, the lecturer said that the fire in 1988 was quite unusual and it did not happen every year. Moreover, the massive fire was caused by the low rain fall and the strong wind, which would not occur again. Besides, the victors still come back to the Yellowstone next year and each year after that. This point refutes the view stated in the reading passage.
托福TPO20綜合寫(xiě)作閱讀材料：
In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires
as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.
在美國(guó)，從 1960 年代末開(kāi)始就非常普遍地對(duì)森林大火采取不撲滅的策略。這種“隨它燃燒”的策略認(rèn)為森林大火可以在不造成太多損失的情況下迅速燃燒完。 然后，1988 年發(fā)生在美國(guó)最出名的黃石國(guó)家公園的森林大火卻整整燃燒了兩個(gè) 月，蔓延了 80 萬(wàn)英畝。鑒于這次造成的巨大損失，很多人主張取消“隨它燃燒” 的策略，轉(zhuǎn)而開(kāi)始全力撲滅森林大火的策略。評(píng)論家們提供了三個(gè)由“隨它燃燒” 策略造成的損害來(lái)支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。
First, Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone’s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland.
首先，黃石大火給公園里的樹(shù)木以及其他植物造成了巨大的損失。當(dāng)火燃盡的時(shí) 候，黃石公園接近三分之一的`面積已成焦土。火焰燒焦樹(shù)木，濃煙熏黑樹(shù)木。小 型植物則被徹底燒成灰燼。當(dāng)看到寶貴的國(guó)家財(cái)富成為一片荒地的時(shí)候，會(huì)是何種感覺(jué)?
Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern than the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.
第二，公園的野生動(dòng)物也遭到了傷害。像鹿或者麋鹿這些大型動(dòng)物在火災(zāi)中都逃 脫了，但是很多小型動(dòng)物卻不能逃脫。同時(shí)，大火還破壞了動(dòng)物的棲息地并打亂 了食物鏈，這使得當(dāng)或在結(jié)束之后，逃離的動(dòng)物也無(wú)法回來(lái)?xiàng)⒂诖恕?/p>
Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand
acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.
第三，火災(zāi)會(huì)降低公園對(duì)游客的吸引力，進(jìn)而對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)造成不良的影響。由 于數(shù)千英畝的土地被火焰吞沒(méi)，旅游旺季縮短了，而很多游客都會(huì)選擇放棄游覽 黃石公園。當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)于旅游業(yè)依賴很大，自然會(huì)受到負(fù)面影響。
托福TPO20綜合寫(xiě)作聽(tīng)力材料：
Actually, fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “let it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let’s look at what happened after 1988 fire.
事實(shí)上，森林大火是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的組成部分，而且大火的角色不僅僅是破壞性的， 同時(shí)也是建設(shè)性的。這就是為什么“隨它燃燒”政策基本上是正確的，盡管它導(dǎo) 致了 1988 年黃石大火。讓我們看看 1988 大火之后發(fā)生了什么。
First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by
new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by the fire could now be taken over by smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow. And another example, seeds of certain plants species won’t germinate unless they’re exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well.
首先，對(duì)于植物來(lái)說(shuō)。你們可以想到，那些燒焦的地方隨著時(shí)間的發(fā)展都會(huì)被新 的'植物覆蓋。而且事實(shí)上，因?yàn)榇蠡鸾o一些本來(lái)難以生長(zhǎng)的種類得以發(fā)芽，黃石 的植物因此變得更具多樣性。比如，原來(lái)長(zhǎng)滿樹(shù)木的地方因?yàn)榛馂?zāi)遭到破壞，但 現(xiàn)在那里長(zhǎng)滿了需要開(kāi)闊而陰涼空間的小型植物。另一個(gè)例子是，一些植物的種 子只有經(jīng)受過(guò)非常高的溫度之后才能夠發(fā)芽。所以，這些植物會(huì)在大火之后開(kāi)始 生長(zhǎng)。
It’s a similar story with the animals. Not only did their populations recover, but the fire also created new opportunities. For instance, the small plants that replaced trees after the fire created an ideal habitat for certain small animals like rabbits and hares. And when rabbits and hares started thriving, so did some predators that depended on them for food. So, certain food chains actually became stronger after the fire than they were before.
動(dòng)物的情況也類似。不但動(dòng)物的數(shù)量會(huì)逐步回復(fù)，而且大火會(huì)給動(dòng)物的生長(zhǎng)帶來(lái) 新的機(jī)會(huì)。比如，那些在火災(zāi)之后取代原有樹(shù)木的小型植物給一些小型動(dòng)物提供 了極佳的棲息地，比如兔子。當(dāng)兔子的數(shù)量開(kāi)始變多，那么以它們?yōu)槭车牟妒痴?的數(shù)量也會(huì)增加。所以，大火過(guò)后，相應(yīng)的食物鏈會(huì)變得比之前更加穩(wěn)定。
And last, fires like 1988 Yellowstone fire would be a problem for tourism if they happened every year. But they don’t. It was a very unusual combination of factors
that year, low rainfall, unusually strong winds, accumulation of dry undergrowth that caused fire to be so massive. This combination has not occurred since and Yellowstone has not seen such a fire since 1988. Visitors came back to the park next year and each year after that.
最后，只要 1988 年的黃石大火不是每年都發(fā)生，那么就不會(huì)對(duì)旅游業(yè)造成巨大 問(wèn)題。而事實(shí)上，也確實(shí)不會(huì)每年發(fā)生。大火的發(fā)生是在那一年諸多因素和偶然 的相互作用。比如，降水少、罕見(jiàn)的大風(fēng)，以及干燥的低層植被的聚集導(dǎo)致了那 次大火規(guī)模空前。但是這些因素沒(méi)有再次聚合，而黃石公園自1988年開(kāi)始也沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)這樣規(guī)模的火災(zāi)。游客在大火第二年的時(shí)候就會(huì)恢復(fù)，而且這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)保持下去。
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