2017GMAT考試備考技巧詳解
談到GMAT考試，很多考生可能對(duì)verbal部分的語(yǔ)法(sentence correction)環(huán)節(jié)表示很糾結(jié)：對(duì)于中學(xué)所學(xué)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的遺忘、做題正確率的低下、題意晦澀選項(xiàng)太長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致做題速度過慢……各種各樣問題使得考生視SC為大敵，久久找不到突破點(diǎn)。其實(shí)，靜下心來詳細(xì)分析GMAT考試的目的與本質(zhì)，想一想美國(guó)人通過GMAT到底要考大家什么，我們將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)SC環(huán)節(jié)中的規(guī)律性。小編將在這篇文章中帶領(lǐng)大家從sentence correction環(huán)節(jié)找尋其考點(diǎn)規(guī)律。
國(guó)內(nèi)，很多考生將sentence correction環(huán)節(jié)定義為語(yǔ)法，而小編認(rèn)為這一定義并不確切，因?yàn)镾C題目中除了對(duì)語(yǔ)法進(jìn)行考核之外，還會(huì)對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書面英語(yǔ)，也就是所謂的文法有所要求。接下來，小編將從語(yǔ)法和文法兩個(gè)角度分析該環(huán)節(jié)的考核規(guī)律。
1)語(yǔ)法的準(zhǔn)確性
一般來說，GMAT SC環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)于語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的考核會(huì)從主謂一致(agreement), 比較結(jié)構(gòu)(comparison), 平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallelism), 代詞指代(pronoun), 動(dòng)詞(verb), 以及修飾(modifier)等等幾大語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)對(duì)大家進(jìn)行考察，這也就要求大家在對(duì)該環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)備前，首先應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)所學(xué)過的語(yǔ)法概念做出系統(tǒng)性鞏固，從上述若干考點(diǎn)查漏補(bǔ)缺，鞏固語(yǔ)法基本功。但是值得注意的是，由于GMAT對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的考核是立足于formal written standard English, 所以大家在準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，還應(yīng)特別留意一些GMAT做出的特殊要求。下列若干句子在傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法書甚至國(guó)內(nèi)中高考等大型考試都被認(rèn)為是正確的句子，但從GMAT要求來分析是存在語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的。例如：
a.He will come to attend the conference, which is a good news for us.
國(guó)內(nèi)較為權(quán)威的語(yǔ)法書籍例如張道真語(yǔ)法和薄冰語(yǔ)法對(duì)于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞which既可用來指代前面整句也可以具體指代句中某一成分。而從GMAT角度分析為避免理解歧義，which只能指代句中某一成分，而不能指代整句;因此，在該例句中，which用來指代”he will come to attend the conference”, 該句錯(cuò)誤。
因此：在下列這道題目中，我們可以根據(jù)該原則排除掉ACE三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)閺腁CE三選項(xiàng)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單三形式doubles可以得知關(guān)系代詞which在該題中指代 “The cameras of the spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus” 這一整句話，這就為我們做題無論從速度和正確率上會(huì)有很大提高作用。
The cameras of the spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet.
A which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
B doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit
C which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around
D doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
E which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit
b. He said he wanted to go home.
傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法規(guī)定，賓從連接連詞that一般情況下均可省略，但是GMAT考試明確，名詞性從句連接連詞不得省略。
因此：在下面這道題目中，B選項(xiàng)由于謂動(dòng)order后直接接了賓從而缺失了連接連詞that，可以排除掉該選項(xiàng)
The newly passed bills order that the state tax revenue be cut each year.
A. order that the state tax revenue be cut
B. order the state tax revenue be cut
C. order that the state tax revenue will be cut
D. have an order for a cut state revenue
E. have an order to cut the state revenue
類似這樣的GMAT特有語(yǔ)法規(guī)定還有很多，例如this不得單獨(dú)使用，虛擬語(yǔ)氣名詞性從句中謂動(dòng)不得加should等等，這些看似條條框框的規(guī)定實(shí)際上更多的為我們提供的是一種規(guī)律，也就是說在眾多選項(xiàng)中，總有那么幾個(gè)標(biāo)志性的規(guī)律性的詞眼在幫助我們排除若干選項(xiàng)。所以，對(duì)于語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的掌握，既要立足于鞏固語(yǔ)法基本功，又要系統(tǒng)性的總結(jié)GMAT特有規(guī)定。
但是，大家在實(shí)際操作時(shí)可能往往會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)利用選項(xiàng)中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤排除之后往往會(huì)有兩三個(gè)選項(xiàng)貌似沒有任何語(yǔ)法問題，那么這個(gè)時(shí)候怎么辦呢?小編接下來將淺談該環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)于文法的考察。
2)文法的有效性
“有效性”實(shí)際上是一個(gè)比較寬泛的概念，GMAT SC秉行一句格言 “沒有完美的，只有更好的”。在抓住語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行排除之后，有時(shí)往往會(huì)留下兩個(gè)左右語(yǔ)法看似完全正確的句子，這時(shí)我們就需要分析剩下選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)表達(dá)意思和原題意思最貼切，哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)表達(dá)更加簡(jiǎn)潔，以及哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)中邏輯最為清晰;總之在有效性的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行選擇。
例如
Last spring a Colorado health department survey of 72 playgrounds in private child-care centers found unsafe conditions in 95 percent of them and they ranged from splinters to equipment near collapse.
A. unsafe conditions in 95 percent of them and they ranged
B. conditions in 95 percent were unsafe and ranging
C. the ranging of unsafe conditions in 95 percent of them to be
D. that 95 percent had unsafe conditions ranging
E. that 95 percent had conditions that were unsafe; the range was
在該題目當(dāng)中的D和E兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，由于D中的 “unsafe conditions” 表達(dá)上等同于E選項(xiàng)中 “conditions that were unsafe”, 以及D中的 “ranging”分詞做定語(yǔ)修飾 conditions簡(jiǎn)潔于E中分號(hào)隔開的并列句，所以在DE語(yǔ)法正確的情況下我們優(yōu)先選擇D選項(xiàng)。
再例如：
As the price of gasoline rises, which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive, the prices of bread and livestock feed are sure to increase.
A. which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive
B. which makes substituting the distillation of alcohol from cereal grain attractive
C. which makes distilling alcohol from cereal grain an attractive substitute
D. making an attractive substitution of alcohol distilled from cereal grain
E. making alcohol distilled from cereal grain an attractive substitute
在該題目中，利用之前講過的which不得指代前面整句排除掉ABC三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的之后，我們對(duì)比DE兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)D中表達(dá)的結(jié)構(gòu)是making substitution distilled (make something done/使某事被做)，不但表達(dá)意思和原題意思區(qū)別較大，而且混淆了名詞“substitute” 和 “substitution”間的區(qū)別，所以我們可以直接排除D而選擇E選項(xiàng)
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