表語從句英語語法
英語語法—從句—表語從句
1.在句子中起表語作用的從句叫做表語從句。表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。
What the police want to know is when you entered the room.
警察想知道的是你什么時(shí)候進(jìn)的房間。
The trouble is that we are short of funds. 困難是我們?nèi)狈Y金。
That's why I want you to work there. 那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。
His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet.
他的第一個(gè)問題是史密斯先生到了沒有。
as if, as though, because也可用來引導(dǎo)表語從句。
She seems as if she had done a great thing. 她看起來好像做了一件大事。
It is because you eat too much. 那是因?yàn)槟愠缘锰嗔恕?/p>
2.虛擬語氣：表語從句
主語是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞時(shí), 作表語從句的動(dòng)詞為原形動(dòng)詞或should+原形動(dòng)詞。
My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建議是我們應(yīng)該去幫助他。
Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.
我們唯一的請(qǐng)求就是盡快解決這個(gè)問題。
英語語法—從句—狀語從句
1.狀語從句在句子中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。狀語從句可分為：
時(shí)間狀語從句：
When Susan goes to town, she will visit her grandma.
蘇珊每次進(jìn)程，總要去看望她奶奶。
地點(diǎn)狀語從句：
I will go where I am needed. 哪里需要我，我就到哪里去。
方式狀語從句：
I have changed it as you suggest. 我已經(jīng)按照你的建議作了改變。
原因狀語從句：
Mary didn’t go shopping because I advised her not to.
瑪麗沒有去購物，因?yàn)槲覄袼灰ァ?/p>
目的狀語從句：
They worked hard in order that they might succeed.
他們努力工作，以便能夠獲得成功。
結(jié)果狀語從句：
Waste must be treated so that it does not become a danger to life.
廢物必須進(jìn)行處理，這樣它才不會(huì)成為危害生命的東西。
條件狀語從句：
If he works hard, he will surely succeed. 如果努力工作，他肯定會(huì)成功。
讓步狀語從句：
Though we are all different, we need never be separate.
比較狀語從句：
I was happier than I had ever been in my life. 這是我一生中最快樂的時(shí)光。
2.時(shí)間狀語從句：after
時(shí)間狀語從句由下列連詞引導(dǎo)：After, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as
Let's wait till the rain stops. 咱們等到雨停再說吧。
Once the train is moving, there's no way to stop it.
火車一旦開動(dòng)就沒辦法讓它停下來。
They were scolded whenever they were late for school. 每次他們上學(xué)遲到都挨罵。
3.時(shí)間狀語從句：the moment
有一些表示時(shí)間的名詞短語也可用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句：The minute, the moment, every time, the first time
The moment he reached the country, he started his search.
他一到達(dá)這個(gè)國家，就開始他的探尋工作。
Every time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before.
每當(dāng)我看到那頂草帽，它就使我想起幾年前的那次旅游。
I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her。
我第一次見到她就覺得她誠實(shí)而友善。
4.時(shí)間狀語從句：directly
有一些表示時(shí)間的副詞也可用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句：
Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet. 校長一進(jìn)來， 大家就安靜下來。
The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.
那位年輕女士一聽到響聲就沖進(jìn)房間。
5.時(shí)間狀語從句：as的用法
1）．某事一發(fā)生，另一事立即發(fā)生
As the sun rose the frog dispersed. 太陽一出來霧就消散。
They strolled into the garden as the music ceased. 音樂聲一停，他們就走進(jìn)花園。
2）．在某事發(fā)生的過程中另一事發(fā)生
I heard the murmur of their voices as I crossed the hall. 我走過大廳的時(shí)候聽到他們?cè)卩止臼裁础＃▋蓚�(gè)動(dòng)作都是一般時(shí)態(tài)）
Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion. 正當(dāng)他在說話的時(shí)候，一聲巨響。
（從句用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）
3）．兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生
He smiled as he passed. 他路過的時(shí)候笑了一下。（兩個(gè)都是短暫動(dòng)作）
As she sang, the tears ran down her cheeks. 她一邊唱歌，眼淚一邊從臉頰淌下。
Helen heard the story as she washed. 海倫一邊洗衣服一邊聽故事。
He saw that she was smiling as she read.
他看到她一邊看著書一邊笑。（兩個(gè)都是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作）
We get wiser as we get older.
我們隨著年齡的增長而變得聰明起來。（隨著時(shí)間的變化而變化）
6.時(shí)間狀語從句：when的用法
以when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，既可用短暫性動(dòng)作也可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)作。
I bought the car when I received my first salary.（短暫性動(dòng)作）我是在領(lǐng)第一筆薪水的時(shí)候買的車。
Don't get excited when you talk.（延續(xù)性動(dòng)作）說話的時(shí)候不要激動(dòng)。
7.when 容易與時(shí)間狀語從句混淆的例子
請(qǐng)注意：此項(xiàng)中when引導(dǎo)的都不是時(shí)間狀語從句。
She had just finished dressing when her guests came in.
她剛剛穿戴完畢，這時(shí)她的客人進(jìn)來了。
這里的when不是從屬連詞，而是并列連詞。所以它引導(dǎo)的是并列句。像這類問題有以下主要特征：
when 后面的分句動(dòng)詞必須是瞬間動(dòng)詞，用于表示突然性：
We were about to start when it began to rain.正當(dāng)我們要出發(fā)的時(shí)候，突然下雨了。
1）.when 前面的分句是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：
He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑著，突然門開了，他的妻子走了進(jìn)來。
2）.when 前面的分句含有be about to, be on the point of:
He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.
他正要出發(fā)的時(shí)候，突然有人敲門。
3）.when 前面的分句采用過去完成時(shí)或是過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
We had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.
我們剛剛?cè)胨蝗浑娫掆徛曧懥恕?/p>
The plane had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
飛機(jī)播種了近一個(gè)月，這時(shí)天才下雨。
8.時(shí)間狀語從句：while的用法
以while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)作。
They arrived while I was sunbathing. 當(dāng)我正在進(jìn)行日光浴時(shí)，他們來了。
While the discussion was still going on, Mr. Zhang came in.
當(dāng)討論還在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，張先生進(jìn)來了。
9.原因狀語從句
because, as, since, 用來引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。for雖然也是表示原因，但是它不是從屬連詞，而是并列連詞。
because 表示最強(qiáng)的因果關(guān)系，表達(dá)聽話者未知的原因，because引導(dǎo)的從句通常放在后面，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可放在前面。because引導(dǎo)的從句可以用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。
He got the job because he was the best candidate.
他得到那份工作，因?yàn)樗亲罴讶诉x。
“Why can’t I go?”“Because you are too young.”
為什么我不能去？因?yàn)槟隳昙o(jì)太小。
as 所表示的原因通常是聽話者已經(jīng)知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。
As all the seats were full, he stood up. 由于所有的座位都滿了，他只好站著。
Perhaps she’ll need some help, especially as she’s been ill.
她可能需要幫助，尤其是因?yàn)樗恢庇胁 ?/p>
since所表示的原因通常也是聽話者已經(jīng)知道的。同樣since也不能用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。
Since you are going, I will go too. 既然你要去，我也去吧。
for 從語法分析的角度來說，它不是引導(dǎo)狀語從句，而是構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列句。 for 通常用于書面語，它通常不表示因果關(guān)系，而是對(duì)前面的分句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。for-分句通常放在句末，for 之前有逗號(hào)。
He laughed little, for he was a sad man. 他很少發(fā)笑，因?yàn)樗莻�(gè)多愁的人。
She was clearly upset, for her eyes were filled with tears.
她顯然心煩意亂，因?yàn)樗劭衾镲柡瑴I水。
10.地點(diǎn)狀語從句
地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where，wherever引導(dǎo)。
Where he made mistakes, he admitted these willingly.
他在什么地方做錯(cuò)了事，他都樂于承認(rèn)這些錯(cuò)誤。
Put it where we can see it. 把它放在我們能看得見的地方。
Let’s go wherever this path will take us.
我們就順著這條小路走，走到哪兒就算哪兒。
英語語法 - 同位語從句
1.同位語從句：whether
whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用whether作為引導(dǎo)詞。
He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.
他還沒有做出決定是否去那里。
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.
他是否適合這件工作我有點(diǎn)懷疑。
2.同位語從句：that
些名詞的后面可以接that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句：
We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我們做出決定：我們必須立即行動(dòng)。
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone. 他提議會(huì)議延期。
There was little hope that he would survive. 他幸存的希望很小。
在非正式語體中that可以省略。
以下名詞常用于以上句型：
advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word
3.同位語從句：what
what可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用what作為引導(dǎo)詞
I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他現(xiàn)在在干什么。
4.同位語從句：how
how可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用how作為引導(dǎo)詞
It’s a question how he did it. 那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。
5.同位語從句：who等
who, whom, which, when, where, why用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問題需要考慮。
She raised the question where we could get the fund.
她提出這個(gè)問題：我們到哪兒去搞這筆資金。
6.同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別
1)同位語從句和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系；而定語從句是用來修飾先行詞，是從屬的關(guān)系。
2)that在同位語從句中沒有詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成分；而在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等句子成分。
3)whether, what, how可以用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句；而它們不能用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。
4)1. 從詞義角度看問題
who, whom, which, when, where, why用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句是保持原來疑問詞的含義；它們用來引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，不具有疑問詞的含義。
2.從搭配角度看問題
who, whom, which, when, where, why用來引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)性很強(qiáng)，如：先行詞是“人”，引導(dǎo)詞用“who”等，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句是先行詞通常是“question, idea, doubt等”。
英語語法—從句—定語從句
1.定語從句在句子中作定語，用來修飾一個(gè)名詞、名詞詞組或者代詞
2.先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞
被修飾的名詞、名詞詞組或代詞叫做先行詞；在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫做引導(dǎo)詞。引導(dǎo)詞語可分為“關(guān)系代詞”和“關(guān)系副詞”。
3.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why。
<注意：關(guān)系副詞里面沒有how。如果要修飾方式，用that或in which引導(dǎo)，或者不用引導(dǎo)詞。
I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜歡他看我的那個(gè)樣子。
4.關(guān)系代詞：who
關(guān)系動(dòng)詞who在從句中主要作為主語，在非正式語體里who還可以作從句中的賓語。
He is the man who wants to see you. 他就是想要見你的那個(gè)人。（who在句中作為主語）
Succeed will come to him who is honest and diligent. 成功將歸于誠實(shí)而勤奮的人。
5.關(guān)系代詞：whom
He is the man whom I saw in the park yesterday.
他就是我昨天在公園里見到的那個(gè)人。（whom在從句中作賓語）
作賓語用的引導(dǎo)詞可以省略，因此上面的句子可以改寫如下：He is the man I saw in the park yesterday.
6.關(guān)系代詞：whose用來指人或物（只能用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了，他們跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。
7.關(guān)系代詞：which（1）
which指物，在從句中作為主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)在非正式語體中可以省略。
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.
他們需要一種不像水稻那么需要水的作物。（主語）
The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.
我們昨天參觀的農(nóng)場(chǎng)位于北京郊區(qū)。（作賓語，可省略。）
8.關(guān)系代詞：which（2）
當(dāng)在which和that面前進(jìn)行選擇的情況下，一下情況要選which：
1）.在非限制性定語從句中通常用which作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用that做非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
2）. 修飾整個(gè)主句。
I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.
從那以后我再也沒有見到朱莉葉，真是遺憾。
3）. 修飾謂語部分。
He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 他會(huì)在河里游泳，那正是我不會(huì)的。
4）. 介詞 + which
They are all questions to which there are no answers. 那些問題都是無頭公案。
9.關(guān)系代詞：that（1）
that多用來指物，有時(shí)也可以用來指人；在從句中作主語或賓語。
指物的時(shí)候多用that，也可用which。
It’s a question that (which) needs careful consideration.
這是一個(gè)需要仔細(xì)考慮的問題。（指物，作為主語。）
Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?
樹下那個(gè)在看雜志的那個(gè)人是誰？（指人，作為主語。）
The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.
我們昨天看到的那個(gè)女孩是湯姆的妹妹。（指人，作賓語，可省略。）
10.關(guān)系代詞：that（2）
在以下的情況中，只能用that作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用which作引導(dǎo)詞。
1）. 先行詞為all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代詞時(shí)。
All that she lacked was training. 她所缺少的是訓(xùn)練。
everything等為先行詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。
Have you everything you need? 你要的東西都有了嗎？
Is there anything I can do for you? 有什么事要我做嗎？
All you have to do is to press the button. 你所要做的就是按一下電鈕。
2）. 先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的電影中最好的一部。
3）. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞和the last修飾時(shí)
4）. 先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.
他們談?wù)撍麄儏⒂^過的那些學(xué)校和老師們。
5）. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑問句，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)
英語語法—從句—賓語從句
1.在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。賓語從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語，作短語動(dòng)詞的賓語，介詞的賓語。
2.賓語從句：短語動(dòng)詞
Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 請(qǐng)去弄清楚火車什么時(shí)候到。
His teacher pointed out that Tom hadn't studied hard enough.
老師指出湯姆學(xué)習(xí)不夠努力。
That depends on how you do it. 那得看你怎么做的。
3.賓語從句：及物動(dòng)詞
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. 誰都知道錢不是長在樹上。
Have you decided where you will go for a holiday? 你有沒有決定到什么地方去度假？
4.賓語從句：介詞的賓語
I am curious as to what they are going to do next.
我對(duì)他們下一步打算做什么很感興趣。
The twin sisters differ only in that one is a bit fatter than the other one.
這對(duì)雙胞胎姐妹的區(qū)別，僅僅在于其中一個(gè)比另一個(gè)稍胖一點(diǎn)。
I am interested in what she is doing. 我對(duì)她做的事感興趣。
5.賓語從句：否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
有些表示思想和感情的動(dòng)詞之后的賓語從句中的否定式可以注意到這些動(dòng)詞之前。
I don't suppose you're used to this diet. = I suppose you aren't used to this diet.
我想你不習(xí)慣這種飲食。
I didn't expect she would pass the entrance examination. = I expected she wouldn't pass the entrance examination. 我以為她不能通過入學(xué)考試。
6.虛擬語氣：賓語從句
一些含有假設(shè)、猜想、建議等意思的動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句要用should+原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu),should往往可以省略。這類動(dòng)詞有: advice, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。
I suggested that he study harder. 我建議他用功一些。（這一題要特別注意：為什么study用原形。）
I insisted that he (should) go. 我強(qiáng)調(diào)他應(yīng)當(dāng)去。
7.賓語從句的省略
引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that之后接的從句不長時(shí)，可以省略。如果that后面的賓語從句較長時(shí)，that不能省略。
I hope (that) you'll be fine soon. 我希望你盡快康復(fù)。
英語語法—從句—主語從句
1.以what等連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句
What you need is more practice. 你需要的是更多的練習(xí)。
Whoever wants it may have it. 誰要都可以給他。
同類的連接代詞還有：What, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
2.以that, whether從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句
It was strange that he had made a mistake. 真奇怪，他竟然錯(cuò)了。
That we need more equipment is quite obvious. 我們需要更多的設(shè)備，這是很明顯的。
Whether he will join us won't make too much difference.
他是否加入我們，沒有太大的差別。
3.主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that什么時(shí)候可以省略
當(dāng)主語從句不太長時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞“that”可以省略
It's clear (that) he has done his best. 很明顯他已經(jīng)盡力而為了。
It's a wonder (that) he didn't fail. 真奇怪，他沒有失敗。
4.以when等連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句
When they will come hasn't been made public. 他們什么時(shí)候來還沒有公布。
Where she has gone is not known yet. 她去了哪兒，還不知道。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever. 為什么他做那件事將永遠(yuǎn)是個(gè)謎團(tuán)。
5.虛擬語氣：主語從句
形容詞為necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential時(shí)，在“It + be + 形容詞或過去分詞 + 主語從句”中，主語從句要虛擬。
It is necessary that the problem (should) be discussed at once.
立刻討論這個(gè)問題很有必要。
It is strange that he (should) have so many friends. 太奇怪了，他有那么多的朋友。
6.主語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別
注意事項(xiàng)：
1). 在主語從句中，把It was … that去掉之后，就已經(jīng)完全不像一個(gè)句子了。
2). 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，把It was … that去掉之后，還基本上像個(gè)句子。
3). 主語從句有以下的引導(dǎo)詞：what, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
4). 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的引導(dǎo)詞只有：that, who。
主語從句：
It was strange that he had made a mistake. 如果把，It was … that 去掉以后，剩下strange he had made a mistake.就不算是句子了。
It is immaterial where or when he goes. 他去何處或者何時(shí)去是無關(guān)緊要的。
<<It is said that…, 和It is reported that…這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，后面接的是主語從句：
It is said that he’s got married. 聽說他已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句：
It was she that had been wrong. 錯(cuò)的是她。（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語）如果把，It was … that 去掉以后，剩下she had been wrong.還勉強(qiáng)算的上是一個(gè)句子。
It was this novel that they talked about last night. 他們昨晚談?wù)摰氖沁@部小說。（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語）
It was in London that I first saw her. 我是在倫敦第一次見到她的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語）
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