英語派生詞的構成

時間：2024-06-23 19:27:54 基礎英語

英語派生詞的構成

　　派生詞是英語主要的構詞法之一。此方法是借前綴或后綴之助，制造出派生詞，主要有名詞、形容詞和動詞三種。下面小編向大家介紹英語的派生詞，希望對你有用！

英語派生詞的構成

　　英語中的派生詞的構成主要有三種：合成(由兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成的單詞);派生(指一個詞根加上前綴或后綴構成的單詞);轉化(一種詞性轉化成另一種或幾種詞性的單詞)。

　　一、前綴：通常變詞意，不變詞性

　　1. dis- 表示意義相反，主要用在動詞之前，間或用于名詞或形容詞前。如：

　　appear (v.出現) → disappear (v.消失),

　　dislike不喜 discover發現

　　disobey不遵從 disbelieve 不相信

　　dishonest不誠實的 disadvantage (n.) 不利條件，缺點

　　2. in-, im-, un-, il-, ir-用在形容詞前，表示否定意義。如：

　　indirectin correctin active impossible unableunhealthy unsuccessful uncommon unpleasant unfortunate irregular illegal invisible

　　3. re- 表示“重新，再”，用在動詞前。

　　rebuild 重新建造recycle再循環 reconsider 重新考慮 review 復習

　　二、后綴：通常變詞性，不變詞意。

　　I.形容詞后綴

　　1. -able (n./v.→adj.)表示“可以……的;顯示……性質”。如：

　　respectable acceptable comfortable valuable fashionable loveable

　　2. -ful (n./v.→adj.) 表示“充滿……的”。如：

　　beautiful successful wonderful mouthful 滿嘴的 shameful 可恥的 hopeful 充滿希望的

　　3. -less (n.→adj.) 表示“沒有……的”。如：英語中的派生詞

　　jobless 無業的 cordless 無線的 homeless helpless 無助的

　　4. -ous (n.→adj.)表示“具有……性質的”。如：

　　nervous famous dangerous poisonous mountainous humorous

　　5. -y (n.→adj.)

　　funny 滑稽的sunny 陽光明媚的cloudy 多云的 wealthy 富有的

　　6. -ly (adj.→adv. / n.→adj.)

　　nervouslynoisily finally quietly lovely friendly fatherly 父親般的 manly 有男子氣概的 yearly 每年的

　　7. 其它形式：-ish, -ic, -ical, -ive, -al (n.→adj.)

　　accidental foolish basicmedical scientific expensive selfish personal educational political progressive

　　II.名詞后綴

　　1. -er 表示人或物。如：

　　speaker passenger fire fire-fighterowner

　　2. -or (v.→n.)表示人，置于動詞之后。

　　competitor 競爭者 director 董事editor 編輯 operator 接線員

　　3. -ist表示“從事……者”。如：

　　chemist 化學家journalist 記者typist 打字員 scientist 科學家

　　4. -ness (adj.→n.)表示性質，狀態。

　　business darkness weakness www.yingyuyufa.com

　　5. -ment (v.→n.) 表示方式，結果，狀態。

　　agreement disappointment announcement treatment employment encouragement

　　6. -dom 表示狀況，領域。如：

　　freedom wisdomkingdom

　　7. 其它形式：-th，-ty，-ence (ance)

　　death length width truth honesty difficulty ability poverty importance performance silence difference

　　III.動詞后綴

　　1. -fy (n./adj.→v.) 表示“使成為，使……進入狀態”。如：

　　beautifyhorrify specify purify

　　2. -is(z)e (adj./n.→v.)表示“使成為，使……化”。如：

　　memorize apologize realize modernize

　　3. -en表示“使……”，置于形容詞或名詞之后，也可以置于形容詞之前作前綴。如：

　　widen 拓寬blacken 染黑enlarge 擴大enrich 使豐富 encourage 鼓勵

　　拓展：常見的短語搭配

　　1 WITH

　　(1)v+with

　　(a) v+with

　　begin, mix, agree, deal, fight, meet, play, quarrel, do, fool, reason, correspond, comply, settle,

　　(b) v + sth (sb) + with + sth (sb)

　　compare, provide, supply, feed, replace, combine, equip, furnish,

　　(2)adj+with

　　angry, strict, pleased, busy, covered, satisfied, filled, wrong, wild, crowded, connected, popular, covered, patient, annoyed, acquainted, delighted, confronted, content, friendly, identical, frank, concerned, bored, afflicted, associated, blended, burdened, comparable, consistent, disappointed, displeased, endowed, enraged, exhausted, familiar, gifted, impatient, infested, intimate, irritated, level, moved, occupied, overcome, popular, satisfied, vexed

　　(3) n+with

　　acquaintance, alliance, trouble, talk, chat, connection, consultation, conversation, sympathy,

　　2 AT

　　(1)v+at

　　aim, point, snatch, wonder, strike, work, look, glance, laugh, run, catch, shoot, stare, glare, thrust, smile, call, fire, tear, knock, winder, arrive, come, gasp,

　　(2)adj+at

　　amused, delighted, angry, good, surprised, astonished, pleased, terrified, clever, alarmed, astonished, clumsy, disgusted, impatient, quick, startled, surprised,

　　(3)n+at

　　knock, pull, look, glance, smile, game, astonishment, surprise, alarm,

　　3 IN

　　(1)v+in

　　get, lie, turn, draw, believe, share, take, drop, give, call, hand, succeed, bring, result, trade, involve, check, count, cut, indulge, pour, participate, intervene, fill,join, confide, trust, believe, persist, consist,

　　(b) V+sb(sth)+in

　　help, spend

　　(2)adj+in

　　rich, interested, active, disappointed, engaged, busy, weak, expert, successful, absorbed, skilled, concerned, experienced, confident, employed,accurate, clothed, diligent, negligent, proficient, prompt, versed,

　　(3)n+in

　　interest, progress, satisfaction, faith, belief, confidence, response, pride, perseverance, harm, difficulty,pleasure, confidence, delight,

　　4 FROM(1)V+from

　　(a) V + from

　　learn, die, come, suffer, hear, fall, rise, hang, escape, date, depart, result, descend, refrain, abstain, differ, distinguish, derive, expel, conceal, judge

　　(b) V + sth ( sb) +from + sth ( sb or a place)

　　borrow, protect, receive, separate, keep, stop, prevent,deter, choose, remove, save, dissuade, excuse, restrain

　　(2)adj+from

　　different, far, tired, made, separate, absent, distinct, hidden, made,

　　(3)n+from

　　letter, visitor,absence, difference, protection, relief, rescue,

　　5 OF(1)V+of

　　(a) V+of

　　consist, dream, hear, tell, think, know, talk, die, speak

　　(b) V+sb+of+sth

　　rob, warn, inform, remind, accuse, cheat, convince, relieve, deprive,

　　ask, beg, demand, require,

　　(2)adj+of

　　aware, careful, free, short, sure, certain, worthy, afraid, hopeful, proud, full, tired, made, capable, impatient, considerate, characteristic, guilty, capable, composed, jealous, ashamed, envious, ignorant, apprehensive, bare, cautious, clear, composed, conscious, descriptive, exclusive, forgetful, fond, hard, incapable, informed, innocent, made, mindful, neglectful, observant, possessed, productive, regardless, rid, sensible, sick, susceptible, weary

　　(3) n+of

　　quality, number, sample, choice, impression, neglect, attack, care, consideration, pleasure, doubt, way equivalence, possibility, example,

　　6 ON(1)v+on

　　(a) v+on

　　act, lean, live, work, depend, look, wait, turn, switch, pull, have, keep, call, put, push, speak, insist, push, collaborate, count, frown, reckon, speculate, figure, carry,

　　(b) V+sb(sth)+ON+sb(sth)

　　congratulate, spend, base, fix

　　(2)adj+on

　　hard, keen, dependent, based, impressed,

　　(3)n+on

　　book, discussion, lecture, advice, opinion, impression, attack, dependence, judgment, pity, mercy, authority

　　7 TO(1)v+to

　　(a) v+to

　　listen, stick, refer, turn, point, reply, occur, attend, see, lead, happen, come, get, write, hold, agree, belong, adapt, attribute, object, subscribe, adjust, accede, yield, resort, relate, respond, testify, succumb,

　　(b) v+to+sb

　　announce, describe, explain, express, mention, report, say, shout, suggest, whisper, speak, talk, nod,

　　devote, compare, add, introduce, invite, leave, join, reduce, sentence, carry, take,

　　(2)adj+to

　　equal, opposed, true, familiar, close, near, kind, harmful, polite, rude, similar, useful, m

　　(3)n+to

　　key, answer, visitor, end, way, solution, traitor, attention, exception, gratitude, approach

　　8 FOR(1)v+for

　　(a)v+for

　　account, beg, hope, send, look, ask, long, pay, wish, wait, leave, fight, plan, prepare, care, stand, search, answer, run, call, bargain, inquire, press, apply, provide, apologize,grieve

　　(b)v+sb+for+sth

　　ask, blame, forgive, pardon, pay, praise, punish, reward, thank, excuse,

　　(2)adj+for

　　eager, bad, good, famous, fit, suitable, ready, sorry, grateful, useful, late, responsible, proper, crucial, competent, eligible, noted, renowned, appropriate, notorious, convenient, possible, profitable, liable, necessary,anxious, bound, eligible, impatient, liable, sufficient, uncared, unfit, zealous,

　　(3)n+for

　　plan, need, reason, explanation, ability, affection, excuse, ambition, anxiety, reputation, consideration, necessity, talent, sympathy, cause, pretext,qualification

　　9 ABOUT

　　(1)v+about

　　quarrel, agree, consult, complain, speak, bring, think, set, care, fumble, fuss, leave, move, lie, hear,speculate, inquire,

　　(2)adj+about

　　happy, anxious, nervous, cautious, careful, certain, excited, particular, pleased, concerned, enthusiastic,uneasy, troubled

　　(3)n+on

　　concern, anxiety, opinion, question

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