2017托福閱讀各題型的解答策略
導(dǎo)語：托福閱讀中有很多題型，雖然不可能全部題型都出，但是我們應(yīng)該要考前清楚掌握這些題型，下面YJBYS小編分享2017托福閱讀各題型的解答策略，歡迎參考!
托福閱讀指代關(guān)系題
在IBT閱讀考題中，我們依然能看到一個熟悉的詞組“refer to ”,這是指代關(guān)系題的標(biāo)志。一般來說，3篇IBT閱讀題目中會有2至3道這種類型的試題，所以不能輕視。
一、 指代關(guān)系題可以分為兩類： 代詞指代題和詞匯指代題。
1. 代詞指代題：
對于代詞指代題，簡單句中的這類題目可以采用就近原則來解決：先讀整個句子，以代詞為線索在其周圍尋找與它意思接近的詞匯或者短語。而對于主從復(fù)合句，采用后指代前的方法。 一般來說，從句的代詞主語指代主句的名詞主語。這個與主從復(fù)合句的類型沒有關(guān)系。
例如：
The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.
The word “they ”refers to
A. skeleton B. scavengers C. creatures D. environments
這個句子為復(fù)合句，前半句的主語為skeletons，所以按照上面的原則A為正確答案。
2. 詞匯指代題：
這種類題主要是指所考察的指代詞語為詞匯或者短語，而不是指代。
例如：代詞指代題的'常問方式為： The word “they, it, their……” refer to …
詞匯指代題的常問方式為: The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中，“W ”為詞匯或者短語。
其解題技巧和代詞指代題解題技巧一樣，采用就近原則和后指代前的方法。
我們來看一個例子：
In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician's trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured.
The word “process” in refer to
A. The righting of tumbling cat
B. The cat's fall slowed down
C. High-speed photography
D. A scientific experiment
這是個主從復(fù)合句， 從句的主語為process，所以答案應(yīng)該為The gyrations of the cat in midair，但是答案中沒有相同的選項。根據(jù)代詞指代的特點，本句中找不到所指代的對象，所指代的對象通常出現(xiàn)在上一句話中，所以正確答案為A.
二、解答指代關(guān)系題的三大步驟：
1. 看題干，確定指代類型
2. 帶著題干主線索回原文圈定答案范圍
3. 采用排除法，確定答案。
總之，正確理解原文是解決這類問題的關(guān)鍵，之后按照這三個步驟，采用就近原則和后指代前 的技巧進(jìn)行解答。
托福閱讀句意解釋題
句意解釋題也有人稱其為“變換措辭題”，也就是用自己的語言來改寫文章中的句子或者段落，以不同的方式重新陳述另一句話，保留其內(nèi)容，而不改變原來句子的意思。在IBT閱讀的三篇文章中，每篇文章可能有0-1道這樣的題目，每次考試總共有2到3題。
這類型題目的題干表達(dá)為：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解決這類題目的三種方法：
第一種：在保持原句序基本不變的前提下進(jìn)行重點詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;
第二種：在句序不變的前提下再進(jìn)行重點詞匯或者詞組的`同義替換;
第三種：對原句進(jìn)行總結(jié)性重復(fù)。
下面我們通過一個例子來看這些方法的具體應(yīng)用：
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
I t is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解題：
首先，我們來分析這個句子，整個主句的主語為Small marketers，謂語為be concerned with，賓語為factors，這個分析完成之后，我們采用同意替換的方法，替換其中的重點詞組-謂語be concerned with，其同義詞為focus on.這樣替換完之后把兩個句子的意思進(jìn)行比較，得出正確答案C.這道題目采用了第一種方法。
總之，這類題目的解決步驟就是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，找出關(guān)鍵詞語——找出其中的重要詞組進(jìn)行同義替換——結(jié)合整個句子的意思進(jìn)行重新組織句子——采用排除法找出正確答案。
托福閱讀修飾目的題
修飾目的題在一定程度上也叫例證題，它主要考查考生透過表面特定的修辭方法/方式發(fā)掘潛在的目的能力。發(fā)現(xiàn)外在修辭特征背后的修辭目的是這類題目的主要考察點。一般來說，問題會要求考生理解為什么作者在文章中用某些詞，詞組和句子。在IBT考試中會有3-4個這類型題目。
1、修辭目的題的兩種考察形式：
在閱讀考試中，這類題目有兩種不同的考察形式：一種是給出修辭手段問目的，另一種是給出修辭目的問手段。
其常見的題目形式如下：
The author uses X as an example of…
Why does the author mention X?
Why does the author compare … to …?
Why does the author use the word … in discussing…?
The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…
The author uses X as an example of…
2、解題技巧
找出這些修辭方法所用的關(guān)鍵詞，例如定義中所用的同位語;描述事物大小、形狀的形容詞和名詞;舉例用的詞，如，for instance，for example， in other words;用來解釋的詞語，如because， this is why， due to等。
我們來看一個例子：
One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings，for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances.
Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?
To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks
To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux
To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces
To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations
首先分析問題題目，找出其中的關(guān)鍵詞：Bushmen in South Africa.之后回到原文看其前后的句子，找到原文的關(guān)鍵詞for example，通過分析知道，這一例子的'目的是為了說明它前面的那句話，即這些繪畫的位置令人費解。作者以對比的手法來說明這一點：Bushmen in South Africa的繪畫常位于洞口或洞外，而法國和西班牙的洞穴繪畫(本文所說的繪畫)卻位于遠(yuǎn)離最初洞口的深處。由此可見，Bushmen in South Africa的例子是為了說明Lascaux繪畫位置的怪異。第二個選項符合此意，為正確答案。
總之，解決這類問題的步驟可以總結(jié)為：分析問題題目找出關(guān)鍵詞，返回原文找原文中的關(guān)鍵詞，理解上下文得出答案。
托福閱讀事實信息題
事實信息題(Factual Information)：考查讀者抓住文章中闡明的信息，并排除干擾回答問題的能力。讀者的任務(wù)是在給出的.選項中，選出一個與文章中某相應(yīng)句子建立對應(yīng)關(guān)系。此題型雖然有難度，數(shù)量也較大，但屬于老題型。
例題：
Passage：…Sculptures must，for example，be stable，which requires an understanding of the properties of mass，weight distribution，and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut，and the paint must not crack， deteriorate，or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example，in the early Italian Renaissance，bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words，the demand of the laws of physics，not the sculptor‘s aesthetic intentions，placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze)…
According to paragraph 2，sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because
A. they began using a material that made the statues weigh less
B. they found a way to strengthen the statues internally
C. the aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time
D. the cannonballs added too much weight to the statues
正確答案是B.
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